The hypopharynx is the bottom part of the pharynx (throat).The pharynx is a hollow tube about five inches long that starts behind the nose and goes down to the neck to become part of the esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). Air and food pass through the pharynx on the way to the windpipe (trachea) or the esophagus.

Cancer of the hypopharynx is a disease in which cancerous (malignant) cells are found in the tissues of the hypopharynx. Cancer of the hypopharynx most commonly starts in the cells that line the hypopharynx, called squamous cells, and is called squamous cell cancer. If cancer starts in the lymph cells of the hypopharynx, it is considered non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Laryngeal Cancer

There are three main parts of the larynx: the glottis (the middle part of the larynx where the vocal cords are located); the supraglottis (the tissue above the glottis); and the subglottis (the tissue below the glottis). The subglottis connects to the trachea, which takes air to the lungs.

Cancer of the larynx is a disease in which cancerous (malignant) cells are found in the tissues of the larynx. It is most commonly found in people who smoke. If a person who smokes develops cancer of the larynx, they should stop smoking. ip and Oral Cavity Cancer

Salivary Gland Cancer

The symptoms that may indicate such cancers are painless and/or increasing swelling under the chin or around the jawbone, numbness in the face, inability to move muscles in the face and pain in the face, chin, or neck

Thyroid Cancer

Cancer of the thyroid is a disease in which cancerous (malignant) cells develop in the tissues of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland makes important hormones that help the body function normally.

There are four main types of throid tumors :

In this test, the patient is administered radioactive isotope glucose and since the cancers use sugar much faster than normal tissues, the cancerous tissue takes up the radioactive material. A PET scanner can spot the radioactive deposits.

Papillary Carcinoma is the most common type of thyroid cancer that develops very slowly from the thyroid follicle cells and can be treated successfully. The tumors often spread to the lymph nodes.

Follicular Carcinoma is the second most common type of thyroid cancer, but it occurs much less frequently than papillary thyroid cancer. These cancers do not spread to the lymph nodes and usually stay in the thyroid. However, they sometimes spread to other parts of the body.

Anaplastic Carcinoma is a rare and aggressive type of thyroid cancer that develops from either papillary or follicular cancer. It spreads quickly through the neck and other parts of the body and is often fatal.

Medullary carcinoma develops in the thyroid's C-cells, which produce hormones that help control the amount of calcium in the blood.

Diagnosis of Head and Neck Cancers

The doctor may want the patient to have a computerized tomography (CT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan in order to obtain an accurate picture of the face, chin, or neck. If the doctor finds abnormal tissue in these tests, he or she may want to obtain a sample of the tissue for evaluation. A small piece of the tissue can be cut away in a procedure called a biopsy. The tissue is then examined under a microscope to see if it contains any cancer cells. A biopsy is the only way to confirm a cancer diagnosis.

Treatment Head and Neck Cancer

Surgery - is an important part of the treatment of head and neck cancers and aims to remove the cancer completely. If the cancer is larger, surgery will often involve a hospital stay and an operation under general anaesthesia. Sometimes the amount of surgery may involve more than one part of your head and neck, and may mean that you will have scars on your face or neck, which may require reconstructive or plastic surgery later.

Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer

India's leading Cancer hospitals now have some of the world's moset advanced radiation equipment like Linac, Novelis, Gamma Knife and Cyberknife for treating Colon rectal Cancers. High technology radiation is used to kill cancer cells without affecting the healthy tissues. Radiation may be used to reduce the tumor prior to surgery or to obviate the symptoms of colorectal cancer such as pain, bleeding, or blockage.

Photodynamic (PDT) therapy for Head and Neck Cancer

PDT uses a combination of laser light of a specific wavelength and a light-sensitive drug to destroy cancer cells. The light-sensitive drug (the photosensitising agent) is injected into a vein. It circulates in the bloodstream and is taken up by cells throughout the body. The drug is taken up more by cancer cells than healthy cells. It is not activated until it is exposed to laser light of a particular wavelength. When a laser is shone on to the cancer, the drug is triggered to interact with oxygen, which then destroys the cancer cells.


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