Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer usually occurs in older men and forms in tissues of the prostate (a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum). It is a slow growing cancer and may extend as it spreads to nearby tissues and organs and then metastasizes to other more distant organs (lymph nodes, bones, lungs, etc.) via the bloodstream.It is the most common cancer affecting 1 in 6 men. A non-smoking man is more likely to develop prostate cancer than he is to develop colon, bladder, melanoma, lymphoma and kidney cancers combined. In fact, a man is 35% more likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer than a woman is to be diagnosed with breast cancer.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) - In up to half of men in their 40s, the prostate begins to enlarge through a process of cell multiplication called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The symptoms of BPH can mirror late-stage prostate cancer because the enlarging inner portion of the prostate puts pressure on the urethra, which can potentially cause urinary problems. About 80% of men eventually develop enlarged prostates, but only some experience significant symptoms. BPH is a normal condition and is not life-threatening

Symptoms of Prostate Cancer

The cancer grows in the prostate gland and narrows the urethra. Symptoms then include

  1. Problems urinating such as difficulty in starting to pass urine, a weak, sometimes intermittent flow of urine, dribbling of urine before and after urinating, a frequent or urgent need to pass urine or a need to get up several times in the night to urinate

  2. A feeling that the bladder is not completely empty
  3. Pain at the time of orgasm
  4. Rarely, blood in the urine.
Diagnosis Of Prostate Cancer

PSA & DRE Screening

Men whose prostate cancer is detected through screening are found to have very early-stage disease that can be treated most effectively.Screening for prostate cancer can be performed quickly and easily in a physician's office using two tests: the PSA (prostate-specific antigen) blood test, and the digital rectal exam (DRE).

The PSA Blood Test - PSA is a protein produced by the prostate and released in very small amounts into the bloodstream. When there's a problem with the prostate, such as when prostate cancer develops and grows, more and more PSA is released, until it reaches a level where it can be easily detected in the blood.

The Digital Rectal Exam -During a DRE, the physician inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum and examines the prostate for any irregularities in size, shape, and texture. Often, the DRE can be used by urologists to help distinguish between prostate cancer and non-cancerous conditions such as BPH.

Prostate Biopsy The surgeon will surgically remove a small piece of tissue using a needle. The sample will be tested for examination to find out if it is a tumour and how fast it is growing.

Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Medical Management of BPH - Today, medications are the most common method for controlling urinating symptoms of BPH and these are advised as a first treatment option.

Surgery - Most common to treat the Prostate Cancer if it has not spread in the body. One of the following types of procedures may be advised

Radical prostatectomy- This is done to remove whole of the prostate, seminal vesicles and nearby lymph nodes.

TURP - The excess prostatic tissue that is blocking the urethera is taken out using a minimally invasive resectoscope surgery. A catheter tube is placed to facilitate easy urine removal during the post operative period till recovery. The tissue removed is sent for biopsy to check for malignancy.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body

Radiation therapy for Prostate Cancer

Conformal radiotherapy (CRT) or high-resolution intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Conformal radiotherapy shapes the radiation beams to match the shape of the prostate. This reduces the radiation received by the healthy surrounding cells in nearby organs such as the bladder and rectum. This lowers the side-effects and may allow higher doses to be given which could be more effective. IMRT allows the radiotherapist to vary the dose of radiotherapy given to the tumour and surrounding tissue.

Brachytherapy - involves implanting radioactive seeds close to the tumour in prostate. Radiation is released internally and slowly over a period of time. Brachytherapy is more effective if the tumour is small and you have early prostate cancer.

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